312-38 Exam Dumps - ECCouncil CND Questions and Answers

Multilayer inspection firewalls, also known as Next-Generation Firewalls (NGFWs), are designed to provide comprehensive security by inspecting traffic across multiple layers of the TCP/IP model. These firewalls offer protection at the:

• Application Layer: They can analyze and filter traffic based on application-level protocols and payloads, such as HTTP, FTP, and DNS, providing protection against application-specific attacks.
• Transport Layer (TCP): They inspect the transport layer to monitor and control TCP/UDP traffic, preventing threats such as port scans and DoS attacks.
• Internet Layer (IP): They filter and monitor IP packets, enforcing security policies based on IP addresses and ensuring protection against IP-level attacks like IP spoofing.

By operating at these layers, multilayer inspection firewalls provide a robust defense mechanism against a wide range of network threats.

References:

• EC-Council Certified Network Defender (CND) Study Guide
• Documentation on Next-Generation Firewalls and their functionalities

The tool that can help in identifying Indicators of Exposure (IoEs) to evaluate the human attack surface is the Social-Engineer Toolkit (SET). SET is designed for social engineering penetration tests and is effective in simulating phishing attacks, which are a common method to evaluate the human aspect of security. It helps in identifying the potential human vulnerabilities that could be exploited in an organization.

References: The EC-Council’s Certified Network Defender (CND) program includes discussions on various tools and methods for assessing and improving the security of an organization, including the human attack surface and the use of tools like SET for this purpose12.

 In the context of incident response methodology, the last step is typically referred to as ‘Post-Incident Activity’ or ‘Lessons Learned’. This step involves reviewing the incident to understand what happened, how it was handled, and how similar incidents can be prevented or mitigated in the future. It’s a critical phase where the organization can improve its security posture and response strategies. The follow-up step ensures that any residual risk is addressed, and that all documentation is completed. It also provides an opportunity for the incident response team to reflect on their actions and improve the incident handling plan for future responses.

References: The importance of the follow-up step as the last phase in the incident response methodology is supported by well-respected frameworks developed by NIST and SANS, which outline ‘Post-Incident Activity’ or ‘Lessons Learned’ as the final step123. These steps align with the objectives and documents of the EC-Council’s Certified Network Defender (CND) program.

In the context of digital certificates, the Registration Authority (RA) is responsible for verifying the identity of entities requesting a certificate before the Certificate Authority (CA) issues it. The RA acts as a verifier for the CA, ensuring that the entity requesting the certificate is who they claim to be. This process is crucial for maintaining trust within a digital environment, as it prevents the issuance of certificates to fraudulent or unauthorized entities.

References: The role of the Registration Authority in the verification process is outlined in the EC-Council’s Certified Network Defender (CND) curriculum, which covers the essential concepts of network security, including the management and issuance of digital certificates.

Asymmetric encryption, also known as public-key cryptography, uses a pair of keys—a public key and a private key—to encrypt and decrypt data. This method is widely used for securing small amounts of data, such as digital signatures. In asymmetric encryption:

• The public key is used to encrypt the data.
• The private key is used to decrypt the data.

Digital signatures utilize asymmetric encryption to ensure the integrity and authenticity of a message. When a sender signs a document with their private key, the recipient can verify the signature using the sender’s public key, confirming that the document was indeed signed by the sender and has not been altered.

References:

• EC-Council Certified Network Defender (CND) Study Guide
• Cryptography and Network Security Principles

Log normalization is a critical process in network security, particularly within the context of Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems. The primary goal of log normalization is to standardize the format of log data received from various sources, which often have different formats and structures. This standardization allows for more efficient and effective analysis, correlation, and storage of log data. By converting disparate log data into a common format, SIEM systems can more easily identify patterns, detect anomalies, and trigger alerts for potential security incidents. This process is essential for managing the complexity and volume of log data in modern network environments.

References: The explanation provided is based on the general practices and objectives of network security and SIEM systems as outlined in the Certified Network Defender (CND) curriculum. For the most accurate and detailed information, please refer to the latest CND study materials and documents available through the EC-Council’s official resources.

MicroBurst is a collection of PowerShell scripts designed to help network administrators understand how attacks occur and to protect cloud environments, particularly Azure services. These scripts aid in detecting vulnerabilities, simulating attacks, and implementing defensive measures to secure the cloud infrastructure.

• POSH-Sysmon: A set of PowerShell scripts for managing Sysmon configurations.
• SecurityPolicyDsc: A module for managing security policies through Desired State Configuration (DSC).
• Sysmon: A Windows system service and device driver that logs system activity to the Windows event log, not specifically focused on cloud protection.

References:

• EC-Council Certified Network Defender (CND) Study Guide
• Azure security documentation and MicroBurst resources

 The process of scanning an application for the existence of a remediated vulnerability is known as verification. This step is crucial to ensure that the vulnerability has been properly addressed and that the application is no longer susceptible to the previously identified threat. Verification must adhere to the organization’s security policies, which provide the framework and guidelines for all security-related activities. These policies ensure that the verification process is conducted in a manner that is consistent with the organization’s overall security posture and compliance requirements.

References: The Certified Network Defender (CND) program emphasizes the importance of adhering to security policies during all stages of network defense, including the verification of remediated vulnerabilities. This ensures that the network remains secure and that all defense measures are in line with the established security protocols123.

The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) is the relevant standard for any organization that stores, processes, or transmits cardholder data. It outlines a set of requirements designed to ensure that all companies that handle credit card information maintain a secure environment. This includes specific measures for protecting stored cardholder data, encrypting data transmission across public networks, and maintaining a vulnerability management program, among others123.

References: The information provided is based on the PCI DSS Quick Reference Guide and other official documents that detail the requirements for securing cardholder data as per the standards set by the PCI Security Standards Council123.

Application sandboxing is a security technique that allows untrusted or untested programs or code to be executed in a separate, restricted environment known as a sandbox. This environment is isolated from the host system and operating system, ensuring that any potential malicious behavior contained within the code cannot affect the host. It’s a way to test and execute third-party applications without risking the integrity or security of the main system. Sandboxing provides a tightly controlled set of resources for guest programs to run in, such as scratch space on disk and memory, which prevents the programs from affecting other processes and data on the host system.

References: The concept of application sandboxing is covered in the EC-Council’s Certified Network Defender (CND) program, which includes key topics such as application whitelisting, blacklisting, and sandboxing. The hands-on lab exercises in the CND program help demonstrate skills in these areas, including application sandboxing1.