SSCP Exam Dumps - ISC 2 Credentials Questions and Answers

A fault-tolerant system is capable of detecting that a fault has occurred and has the ability to correct the fault or operate around it. In a fail-safe system, program execution is terminated, and the system is protected from being compromised when a hardware or software failure occurs and is detected. In a fail-soft system, when a hardware or software failure occurs and is detected, selected, non-critical processing is terminated. The term failover refers to switching to a duplicate "hot" backup component in real-time when a hardware or software failure occurs, enabling processing to continue.

Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 5: Security Architecture and Models (page 196).

The questions specifically said: "within a different function" which eliminate Job Rotation as a choice.

Management monitoring of audit logs is a detective control and it would not prevent collusion.

Changing passwords regularly would not prevent such attack.

This question validates if you understand the concept of separation of duties and least privilege. By having operators that have only the minimum access level they need and only what they need to do their duties within a company, the operations personnel would be force to use collusion to defeat those security mechanism.

Source: TIPTON, Hal, (ISC)2, Introduction to the CISSP Exam presentation.

The software development life cycle (SDLC) (sometimes referred to as the System Development Life Cycle) is the process of creating or altering software systems, and the models and methodologies that people use to develop these systems.

The NIST SP 800-64 revision 2 has within the description section of para 3.2.1:

This section addresses security considerations unique to the second SDLC phase. Key security activities for this phase include:

• Conduct the risk assessment and use the results to supplement the baseline security controls;

• Analyze security requirements;

• Perform functional and security testing;

• Prepare initial documents for system certification and accreditation; and

• Design security architecture.

Reviewing this publication you may want to pick development/acquisition. Although initiation would be a decent choice, it is correct to say during this phase you would only brainstorm the idea of security requirements. Once you start to develop and acquire hardware/software components then you would also develop the security controls for these. The Shon Harris reference below is correct as well.

Shon Harris' Book (All-in-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide) divides the SDLC differently:

Project initiation

Functional design analysis and planning

System design specifications

Software development

Installation

Maintenance support

Revision and replacement

According to the author (Shon Harris), security requirements should be developed during the functional design analysis and planning phase.

SDLC POSITIONING FROM NIST 800-64

SDLC Positioning in the enterprise

Information system security processes and activities provide valuable input into managing IT systems and their development, enabling risk identification, planning and mitigation. A risk management approach involves continually balancing the protection of agency information and assets with the cost of security controls and mitigation strategies throughout the complete information system development life cycle (see Figure 2-1 above). The most effective way to implement risk management is to identify critical assets and operations, as well as systemic vulnerabilities across the agency. Risks are shared and not bound by organization, revenue source, or topologies. Identification and verification of critical assets and operations and their interconnections can be achieved through the system security planning process, as well as through the compilation of information from the Capital Planning and Investment Control (CPIC) and Enterprise Architecture (EA) processes to establish insight into the agency’s vital business operations, their supporting assets, and existing interdependencies and relationships.

With critical assets and operations identified, the organization can and should perform a business impact analysis (BIA). The purpose of the BIA is to relate systems and assets with the critical services they provide and assess the consequences of their disruption. By identifying these systems, an agency can manage security effectively by establishing priorities. This positions the security office to facilitate the IT program’s cost-effective performance as well as articulate its business impact and value to the agency.

SDLC OVERVIEW FROM NIST 800-64

SDLC Overview from NIST 800-64 Revision 2

NIST 800-64 Revision 2 is one publication within the NISTstandards that I would recommend you look at for more details about the SDLC. It describe in great details what activities would take place and they have a nice diagram for each of the phases of the SDLC. You will find a copy at:

http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-64-Rev2/SP800-64-Revision2.pdf

DISCUSSION:

Different sources present slightly different info as far as the phases names are concerned.

People sometimes gets confused with some of the NIST standards. For example NIST 800-64 Security Considerations in the Information System Development Life Cycle has slightly different names, the activities mostly remains the same.

NIST clearly specifies that Security requirements would be considered throughout ALL of the phases. The keyword here is considered, if a question is about which phase they would be developed than Functional Design Analysis would be the correct choice.

Within the NIST standard they use different phase, howeverr under the second phase you will see that they talk specifically about Security Functional requirements analysis which confirms it is not at the initiation stage so it become easier to come out with the answer to this question. Here is what is stated:

The security functional requirements analysis considers the system security environment, including the enterprise information security policy and the enterprise security architecture. The analysis should address all requirements for confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information, and should include a review of all legal, functional, and other security requirements contained in applicable laws, regulations, and guidance.

At the initiation step you would NOT have enough detailed yet to produce the Security Requirements. You are mostly brainstorming on all of the issues listed but you do not develop them all at that stage.

By considering security early in the information system development life cycle (SDLC), you may be able to avoid higher costs later on and develop a more secure system from the start.

NIST says:

NIST`s Information Technology Laboratory recently issued Special Publication (SP) 800-64, Security Considerations in the Information System Development Life Cycle, by Tim Grance, Joan Hash, and Marc Stevens, to help organizations include security requirements in their planning for every phase of the system life cycle, and to select, acquire, and use appropriate and cost-effective security controls.

I must admit this is all very tricky but reading skills and paying attention to KEY WORDS is a must for this exam.

References:

HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, Fifth Edition, Page 956

and

NIST S-64 Revision 2 at http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-64-Rev2/SP800-64-Revision2.pdf

and

http://www.mks.com/resources/resource-pages/software-development-life-cycle-sdlc-system-development

Source: TIPTON, Hal, (ISC)2, Introduction to the CISSP Exam presentation.

The Operations Security domain is concerned with triples - threats, vulnerabilities and assets.

Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 216.

They are responsible for security of the organization and the protection of its assets.

The following answers are incorrect because :

Data owner is incorrect as data owners should not decide as to what security measures should be applied.

Auditor is also incorrect as auditor cannot decide as to what security measures should be applied.

The information security specialist is also incorrect as they may have the technical knowledge of how security measures should be implemented and configured , but they should not be in a position of deciding what measures should be applied.

Reference : Shon Harris AIO v3 , Chapter-3: Security Management Practices , Page : 51.

Object reuse requirements, applying to systems rated TCSEC C2 and above, are used to protect files, memory, and other objects in a trusted system from being accidentally accessed by users who are not authorized to access them. Deleting files on disk merely erases file headers in a directory structure. It does not clear data from the disk surface, thus making files still recoverable. All other options involve clearing used space, preventing any unauthorized access.

Source: RUSSEL, Deborah & GANGEMI, G.T. Sr., Computer Security Basics, O'Reilly, July 1992 (page 119).

Confidentiality is the prevention of the intentional or unintentional unauthorized disclosure of contents.

Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 60.

This question is asking you to consider the effects of object reuse. Object reuse is "reassigning to subject media that previously contained information. Object reuse is a security concern because if insufficient measures were taken to erase the information on the media, the information may be disclosed to unauthorized personnel."

This concept relates to Security Architecture and Design, because it is in level C2: Controlled Access Protection, of the Orange Book, where "The object reuse concept must be invoked, meaning that any medium holding data must not contain any remnants of information after it is release for another subject to use."

System Integrity means that all components of the system cannot be tampered with by unauthorized personnel and can be verified that they work properly.

The following answers are incorrect:

The software of the system has been implemented as designed. Is incorrect because this would fall under Trusted system distribution.

Users can't tamper with processes they do not own. Is incorrect because this would fall under Configuration Management.

Design specifications have been verified against the formal top-level specification. Is incorrect because this would fall under Specification and verification.

References:

AIOv3 Security Models and Architecture (pages 302 - 306)

DOD TCSEC - http://www.cerberussystems.com/INFOSEC/stds/d520028.htm