Vce CIPP-E Questions Latest

 The GDPR defines processing as “any operation or set of operations which is performed on personal data or on sets of personal data, whether or not by automated means, such as collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction” (Article 4(2)). This is a broad definition that covers almost any activity involving personal data, regardless of the method or means used. The GDPR also specifies that processing should be lawful, fair and transparent, and should respect the principles of data protection by design and by default (Article 5). References: CIPP/E Certification - International Association of Privacy Professionals, Free CIPP/E Study Guide - International Association of Privacy Professionals, [GDPR - EUR-Lex]

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 According to the European Data Protection Board, the principles relating to the processing of personal data under EU data protection law are: lawfulness, fairness and transparency; purpose limitation; data minimization; accuracy; storage limitation; integrity and confidentiality; and accountability1. These principles imply certain concepts or practices that data controllers and processors should follow, such as access control management, frequent pseudonymization key rotation, and error propagation avoidance along the processing chain2. However, data ownership allocation is not a concept or practice that follows from these principles, as the GDPR does not recognize the notion of data ownership by either the data subject or the data controller3. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. References:

• Data protection basics
• Guidelines 2/2019 on the processing of personal data under Article 6(1)(b) GDPR in the context of the provision of online services to data subjects
• CIPP/E Study Guide, page 11

Pseudonymisation is a method that allows you to switch the original data set (for example, e-mail or a name) with an alias or pseudonym, or, in other words, a value which does not allow the individual to be directly identified1. It is a reversible process that de-identifies data but allows the re-identification later on if necessary1. This is a well-known data management technique highly recommended by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as one of the data protection methods2. To make personal data pseudonymous, a data controller must separately hold any information that would allow linking the data to the data subject, such as a key or a code, and ensure that this information is kept securely and subject to technical and organisational measures to prevent unauthorised access or re-identification23. The other options are not correct, as they either describe other data protection methods, such as encryption or anonymisation, or do not meet the definition of pseudonymisation under the GDPR. References: Pseudonymization according to the GDPR, Pseudonymisation - Wikipedia, Anonymisation and pseudonymisation | Data Protection Commissioner

Article 58 of the GDPR lists the powers of supervisory authorities in EU member states. Among these powers are the investigative powers, which include the right to access data and information from controllers and processors, as well as to access their premises and equipment. This power enables the supervisory authorities to perform their tasks of monitoring and enforcing the GDPR. The other options are not powers of supervisory authorities under Article 58 of the GDPR. References: Art. 58 GDPR – Powers, Article 58 Powers - GDPR, Article 58 GDPR - GDPRhub