NSE7_NST-7.2 Exam Dumps - Fortinet Certification Questions and Answers

Understanding OSPF Roles:

In OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), routers can have different roles: Designated Router (DR), Backup Designated Router (BDR), and DROther. These roles help manage and optimize the OSPF network traffic.

DR and BDR are elected to minimize the number of adjacencies and reduce the amount of routing information exchange.

DROther routers are neither DR nor BDR but can still participate in the OSPF network by maintaining adjacencies with DR and BDR.

Analyzing the Exhibit:

The exhibit shows the OSPF neighbor states for the local FortiGate.

Neighbor ID 0.0.0.1 is in the state Full/DR (Designated Router).

Neighbor ID 0.0.0.3 is in the state Full/DROther (DROther).

Neighbor ID 0.0.0.10 has no specific designation, implying it is neither DR nor BDR.

Conclusion:

Since the local FortiGate shows neighbors in Full/DR and Full/DROther states and itself does not have a state of DROther, it can be concluded that the local FortiGate is not a DROther.

References:

Fortinet Community: Understanding OSPF roles and states​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(cyruslab)​.

Fortinet Documentation: OSPF neighbor states and elections​(Fortinet Docs)​.

RTT (Round Trip Time):

RTT in the context of the FortiGuard server list indicates the time it takes for a request to be sent to a FortiGuard server and for a response to be received.

This metric helps determine the latency between the FortiGate device and the FortiGuard servers, which is crucial for ensuring efficient and quick updates and responses for services like web filtering and antivirus updates.

Server Selection:

The FortiGate device uses RTT values to prioritize servers. Servers with lower RTT values are preferred as they respond faster, ensuring minimal delay in processing requests.

This improves the overall performance of FortiGuard services by reducing the time it takes to communicate with the servers.

References:

Fortinet Community: Troubleshooting FortiGuard server connections and RTT values​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Fortinet Docs)​.

Fortinet Documentation: FortiGuard server settings and RTT explanation​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Fortinet Docs)​.

Refused Connection:A refused connection typically indicates a mismatch in the TCP port configuration between the FortiGate and the collector agent. Ensuring both are configured to use the same TCP port is crucial for proper connectivity.

Mismatched Pre-Shared Password:If the pre-shared password configured on the FortiGate does not match the one set on the collector agent, authentication will fail, leading to connectivity issues.

Inability to Reach IP Address:This can occur due to network issues such as incorrect routing, firewall rules blocking traffic, or the collector agent being down. Verifying network connectivity and the status of the collector agent is necessary to resolve this issue.

References:

Fortinet Community: Troubleshooting FSSO Connectivity Issues​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​.

Anti-replay Enabled:

The exhibit showsreplay: enabled, which confirms that anti-replay is enabled for this IPsec tunnel. Anti-replay is a security feature that prevents replay attacks by ensuring that packets are not duplicated or reused.

NPU Acceleration:

TheNPU acceleration: encryption (outbound) decryption (inbound)line indicates that Network Processing Unit (NPU) acceleration is used.

The npu_flag for this tunnel is 02. This indicates that encryption and decryption are handled by the NPU, improving the performance of the VPN tunnel.

References:

Fortinet Community: Troubleshooting IPsec VPN Tunnels​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​.

Fortinet Documentation: Verifying IPsec VPN Tunnels​(Fortinet Docs)​​(Fortinet Docs)​.

The exhibit shows a sniffer capture where TCP port 8013 is being used for communication. The communication appears one-way, indicating potential issues with the upstream FortiGate receiving the necessary packets or being able to respond.

To ensure successful communication in a Security Fabric setup:

Ensure TCP port 8013 is not blocked along the way: Verify that no firewalls or network devices between the downstream and upstream FortiGates are blocking TCP port 8013. This port is crucial for Security Fabric communication.

Authorize the downstream FortiGate on the root FortiGate: In the Security Fabric, the root FortiGate must recognize and authorize the downstream FortiGate to allow proper communication and management.

Enable Security Fabric/Fortitelemetry on the receiving interface of the upstream FortiGate: The upstream FortiGate must have the Security Fabric or Fortitelemetry enabled on the interface that receives the communication from the downstream FortiGate. This enables proper data exchange and monitoring within the Security Fabric.

References

Fortinet Documentation on Security Fabric Configuration

Fortinet Community Discussion on Port Requirements

Kernel Slabs Overview:

The slab allocator in the Linux kernel is used for efficient memory management. It groups objects of the same type into caches, which are divided into slabs.

Each slab contains multiple objects and helps to minimize fragmentation and enhance memory allocation efficiency.

Interpreting the Exhibit:

The exhibit shows output related to various kernel slab caches.

The line forip6_sessionindicates that there are 1300 kB allocated for this slab, which means the total memory size allocated for IPv6 session objects in the kernel is 1300 kB.

References:

Fortinet Community: Explanation of kernel slab allocation and usage​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Hammertux)​.

Linux Kernel Documentation: Slab Allocator details​(Hammertux)​.

Current Configuration Analysis:

The firewall policy currently allows ICMP traffic from port1 to port3, enabling the ICMP echo request to reach the server.

However, for the server to send an ICMP echo reply back to the laptop, the traffic must be allowed from port3 to port1.

Required Configuration:

To ensure the server at10.4.0.1/24can send the ICMP echo reply back to the laptop at10.1.0.1/24, the administrator needs to configure a new firewall policy.

The policy must explicitly allow ICMP traffic from port3 to port1.

Steps to Configure:

Access the FortiGate configuration interface.

Navigate to the Firewall Policy section.

Create a new policy allowing ICMP traffic from port3 to port1.

Save and apply the new policy to ensure bidirectional ICMP traffic is permitted.

References

Fortinet Network Security 7.2 Support Engineer Documentation

FortiGate Firewall Policy Configuration Guides

Understanding protocol states:

proto_state=00: Indicates no traffic or a closed session.

proto_state=01: Typically indicates one-way ICMP traffic or a partially established TCP session.

proto_state=10: Indicates an established TCP session, where the session has completed the three-way handshake and both sides can send and receive data.

proto_state=11: Often indicates a fully established and active bidirectional session.

Explanation of correct answer:

proto_state=10is the correct indication for an established TCP session as it signifies that the session is fully established and active.

References

Fortinet Network Security 7.2 Support Engineer Documentation

Fortinet Firewall Protocol State Documentation

SNI and Certificate Mismatch:When the Server Name Indication (SNI) does not match either the Common Name (CN) or any of the Subject Alternative Names (SAN) in the server certificate, FortiGate's default behavior is to consider this as an invalid SSL/TLS configuration.

Default Action:FortiGate, under default settings for SSL certificate inspection, will close the connection to prevent potential security risks associated with mismatched certificates.

References:

Fortinet Community: SSL Certificate Inspection Configuration and Behavior​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​.

The session table entry provided shows detailed information about a specific network session passing through the FortiGate device. From the session details, we can see that the session has various attributes such as state, protocol, policy, and inspection details.

The session state (proto_state=11) indicates that the session is being actively processed and inspected.

Thenpd_state=00000000suggests that the session is being handled by the CPU rather than offloaded to a Network Processor (NP).

The session is marked for security profile inspection, evident from the detailed byte/packet counts and other session parameters.

From these indicators, it's clear that FortiGate is using its CPU to perform security profile inspection on this session rather than simply forwarding the traffic without inspection or relying solely on IPS inspection.

References

Fortinet Documentation on Session Table

Fortinet Community Discussion on Session Table