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The Check phase of the PDCA cycle is the phase that determines potential issues pertaining to the management of the BCMS. The Check phase involves monitoring and evaluating the performance and effectiveness of the BCMS and identifying any gaps, nonconformities, risks, or opportunities for improvement. The Check phase also involves collecting and analyzing data and information related to the BCMS, such as the results of audits, reviews, tests, exercises, surveys, and feedback. The Check phase provides valuable input for the Act phase, where corrective and preventive actions are taken to address the issues and improve the BCMS. References: : ISO 22301 Auditing eBook, page 11 : ISO 22301:2019, clause 9.1 : Business continuity and ISO 22301 - Qudos : ISO 22313:2020(en), Security and resilience ? Business continuity …

 Document control is a process that ensures that documented information related to the BCMS is current, accurate, and available to relevant parties. It also ensures that the confidentiality of business continuity materials is safeguarded from unauthorized access, disclosure, or misuse. Document control covers the creation, approval, distribution, use, storage, preservation, retrieval, control of changes, retention, and disposition of documented information. Document control is required by clause 7.5.3 of ISO 22301:2019. References: ISO 22301:2019, clause 7.5.3; ISO 22301 Auditing eBook, page 56.

A formal management system is a type of management system that provides the means for organizations to improve internal controls and management competence. A formal management system is a documented system that defines the policies, objectives, processes, procedures, roles, responsibilities, and resources for managing a specific aspect of the organization’s performance. A formal management system is based on a recognized standard or framework that specifies the requirements and best practices for achieving the desired outcomes and performance. A formal management system also includes mechanisms for monitoring, measuring, reviewing, and improving the system’s effectiveness and efficiency. A formal management system helps the organization to demonstrate its commitment and capability to meet the expectations and needs of its stakeholders, such as customers, regulators, employees, suppliers, etc. A formal management system also helps the organization to identify and manage the risks and opportunities that may affect its performance and continuity. Examples of formal management systems are ISO 22301 for business continuity management, ISO 9001 for quality management, ISO 14001 for environmental management, ISO 27001 for information security management, etc. References:

• ISO 22301 Auditing eBook, Chapter 1: Introduction to Business Continuity Management Systems, Section 1.1: Management System Concepts1
• What is a management system?2
• ISO - Management system standards3

 Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) is the approach that manages the full spectrum of risks and their combined impact as an interrelated risk profile to the organization. ERM enables an organization to consider the potential impact of all types of risks on all processes, activities, stakeholders, products and services1. ERM helps an organization to align its strategy, processes, technology, and knowledge with the purpose of evaluating and managing the uncertainties it faces2. ERM is a holistic and integrated approach that covers strategic, operational, financial, and compliance risks, as well as opportunities3. References:

• ISO 31000:2018, clause 3.1
• ISO 22301 Auditing eBook, page 11
• Enterprise Risk Management - Integrating with Strategy and Performance, page 4