CTAL-TTA Exam Dumps - ISTQB Advance Level Questions and Answers

For Modified Condition/Decision Coverage (MC/DC), each condition within a decision must independently affect the decision's outcome. The provided sets of values need to be analyzed to ensure that each component of the decision ((A > B) or (C > D) and (E = F)) can independently influence the result of the combined expression. Set 3 includes variations for all variables that allow each condition to be tested both true and false independently while keeping the overall expression's outcome affected. This choice provides the most efficient path to achieving MC/DC with minimal tests.

Including security testing in a test approach is valid when there are concerns about unauthorized access or activities, such as the threat of unauthorized copying of applications or data (option A). This type of testing aims to uncover vulnerabilities that could be exploited to compromise the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the system. The other options listed—availability measurements (option B), system's peak load handling (option C), and frequent software changes (option D)—relate to different aspects of testing, such as reliability, performance, and maintainability, which are not directly associated with security testing.

To determine the percentage of decision testing coverage achieved by the given suite of test cases, we need to analyze the decisions and outcomes in the provided logic.

Detailed Analysis

Identify all decisions in the logic:

IF account number is valid

IF customer account is active

IF oldBalance < zero

IF balance now >= zero

IF account holder is VIP customer

Calculate the number of unique decisions:

There are 5 unique decision points in the logic.

Determine the possible outcomes for each decision:

IF account number is valid → 2 outcomes (True, False)

IF customer account is active → 2 outcomes (True, False)

IF oldBalance < zero → 2 outcomes (True, False)

IF balance now >= zero → 2 outcomes (True, False)

IF account holder is VIP customer → 2 outcomes (True, False)

Test Cases Analysis

Test Case A

Account number valid → True

Account is active → True

OldBalance = -100 → True (less than zero)

Balance now = +200 → True (greater than zero)

Not a VIP customer → False

Test Case B

Account number valid → True

Account is active → True

OldBalance = -100 → True (less than zero)

Balance now = -50 → False (less than zero)

Is a VIP customer → True

Coverage Calculation

To calculate the decision coverage, we need to see how many of the possible outcomes are covered by the test cases:

IF account number is valid (True in both A and B, False not tested)

IF customer account is active (True in both A and B, False not tested)

IF oldBalance < zero (True in both A and B, False not tested)

IF balance now >= zero (True in A, False in B, both outcomes tested)

IF account holder is VIP customer (False in A, True in B, both outcomes tested)

Out of the 10 possible outcomes (2 for each decision), the given test cases cover 6 outcomes:

Account number valid → True

Account number valid → False (not covered)

Customer account active → True

Customer account active → False (not covered)

OldBalance < zero → True

OldBalance < zero → False (not covered)

Balance now >= zero → True

Balance now >= zero → False

Account holder is VIP → True

Account holder is VIP → False

Thus, 6 out of the 10 outcomes are covered by the test cases, giving us a decision coverage percentage of:

Decision Coverage=(610)×100%=60%\text{Decision Coverage} = \left(\frac{6}{10}\right) \times 100\% = 60\%Decision Coverage=(106​)×100%=60%

References:

The sample questions and answers provided in the ISTQB CTAL-TTA documentation confirm this calculation method and the expected coverage percentage for similar logical scenarios​​​​​​.

Quantitative Questionnaires are the best elicitation technique for questioning a large number of stakeholders specifically to obtain information for non-functional acceptance criteria. This method allows for collecting measurable, numerical data from a broad audience efficiently, which is crucial for understanding and defining non-functional requirements such as performance, scalability, and usability

In this scenario, the small supermarket chain faces two primary risks due to hosting both the data warehousing software and the product inventory application on the same server:

Resource Conflicts: Co-existence of both applications on the same server may introduce resource conflicts, potentially impacting the functionality of the product inventory application.

Data Loss/Corruption: In the event of loss or corruption of product inventory data during transfer to the warehouse, it may not be possible to restore from backup in the required timeframe, resulting in lost business.

Appropriate Non-Functional Test Types:

Reliability Testing (Option C):

Reliability testing ensures that the system performs consistently and accurately over time, even under load. This will help in identifying potential issues related to data loss or corruption and ensure that backup and restore processes work as expected within the required timeframe.

Stress Testing (Option C):

Stress testing evaluates the system's behavior under extreme conditions, such as peak loads. This will help in identifying resource conflicts and the system's ability to handle concurrent operations of both the data warehousing software and the product inventory application without performance degradation.

Explanation of Incorrect Options:

A. Compatibility Testing and Reliability Testing:

Compatibility testing is not directly relevant to the identified risks. Reliability testing is correct, but it needs to be paired with stress testing to address resource conflicts effectively.

B. Load Testing and Portability Testing:

Load testing alone does not cover the extreme conditions needed to identify resource conflicts. Portability testing is not relevant to the identified risks.

D. Maintainability Testing and Load Testing:

Maintainability testing is not directly relevant to the immediate operational risks. Load testing is part of the solution but needs to be paired with stress testing.

References:

The ISTQB CTAL-TTA syllabus covers various non-functional testing types and their relevance to different risk scenarios. Reliability and stress testing are crucial in this context to ensure the system can handle concurrent applications and maintain data integrity under load.

Sources:

ISTQB-CTAL-TTA Syllabus

General knowledge on non-functional testing types and their applications.

API testing tends to focus on individual inputs more than combinations of inputs. This is because APIs, as the intermediary layers of software, often handle specific types of data input and output rather than user interaction sequences. GUI testing, on the other hand, involves testing the interface with which the user interacts, which frequently includes testing various combinations of user inputs and sequences to simulate actual user scenarios. Thus, GUI testing typically requires checking the integration and behavior of elements in combination to ensure they work together as expected in a user environment .

To determine the minimum quantity of test cases that will give 100% statement coverage, we need to ensure that each executable statement in the code is executed at least once. Let's analyze the code step by step to identify the necessary paths:

Valid account number and active account:

Crediting money to the account.

Old balance < zero, new balance >= zero (overdraft cleared).

VIP customer: message sent by email.

Valid account number and active account:

Crediting money to the account.

Old balance < zero, new balance < zero (account overdrawn).

Non-VIP customer.

Valid account number and active account:

Crediting money to the account.

Old balance >= zero.

VIP customer: message sent by email.

Valid account number but inactive account:

Set message "A/c inactive".

Send message by email to supervisor.

Invalid account number:

Add to the count of invalid inputs.

Considering these scenarios, we can see that the minimum number of test cases to cover all statements is three:

Path with a valid, active account, old balance < zero, new balance >= zero, and VIP customer.

Path with a valid, active account, old balance >= zero, and non-VIP customer.

Path with an inactive account or invalid account number.

Therefore, the correct answer is D. 3.

In the context of consumer electronics, where there is rapid growth in embedded software and pressure to minimize code size due to cost constraints, dynamic analysis can be particularly useful for improving system performance. Dynamic analysis involves examining the system's behavior during execution, which can provide insights into the efficiency of the code at runtime, memory utilization, and processing speed. In a high-end TV project where the use of ROM and RAM is under severe restrictions, dynamic analysis would be most appropriately applied to improve system performance, ensuring that the software runs efficiently within the available hardware resources. This supports the project context by contributing to the optimization of the software to run within the constraints of the microcontroller used, thereby potentially reducing costs.

Test automation extends beyond just automating the test execution process; it also includes setting up and managing test environments and may involve configuring hardware, software, network settings, and other necessary services to enable comprehensive and effective testing. This holistic approach is crucial for maintaining consistency and reliability in testing across different stages and conditions .

In the scenario described, the project involves developing a system to control traffic lights at busy road junctions, focusing on safety-critical operations but deemed low-risk due to the team's high level of expertise.

Option B (4), characterized by ♦ (recommended) for Test Automation and ♦+ (highly recommended) for Exploratory Testing (manual) with ♦ (recommended) for Black-box Testing, is the most fitting for this project because:

Test Automation (Recommended): For a system managing traffic lights, automated tests can efficiently handle repetitive testing of scenarios involving various traffic densities and flow rates, ensuring consistent and thorough checking of system responses under controlled conditions.

Exploratory Testing (Highly Recommended): Given the critical nature of the system, exploratory testing allows testers to creatively challenge the system beyond pre-defined test cases, identifying potential real-world issues that might not be evident in scripted testing. This is particularly vital in safety-critical systems where unexpected behavior could have severe consequences.

Black-box Testing (Recommended): Black-box testing will ensure that the system meets its external specifications and behaves correctly as perceived from the outside, without the testers needing to know the internal workings. This is essential for verifying that the system's functionality aligns with its intended use in real-world traffic scenarios.

This approach, combining thorough automation with exploratory insights and specification-based validation, supports the project's safety-critical nature while leveraging the team’s expertise to manage the identified low risk .