CITM-001 Exam Dumps - GAQM: Management Questions and Answers

A logic bomb is a type of malicious code that is inserted into a software program and remains dormant until a specific condition or event occurs, such as a certain date, time, or user action. When the condition is met, the logic bomb activates and executes its harmful payload, which can range from deleting or corrupting data, to displaying unwanted messages, to crashing the system. Logic bombs are often used by disgruntled employees or hackers to sabotage an organization’s IT infrastructure or to extort money or information. Logic bombs are different from keyloggers, spam, and viruses, which are explained below:

• A keylogger is a software or hardware device that records every keystroke made by a user on a computer or mobile device, usually for the purpose of stealing passwords, personal information, or other sensitive data. Keyloggers can be installed by hackers through phishing, trojan viruses, or physical access to the device. Keyloggers do not wait for a specific condition to activate, but rather run continuously in the background and transmit the captured data to a remote server or storage device.
• Spam is any kind of unwanted, unsolicited, or irrelevant digital communication that is sent or posted to a large number of recipients or places, typically for the purposes of advertising, phishing, spreading malware, or disrupting normal operations. Spam can be delivered via email,text message, phone call, or social media. Spam does not contain hidden code that executes a harmful action, but rather relies on the user’s response or interaction to achieve its goal, such as clicking a link, opening an attachment, or providing personal information.
• A virus is a type of malware that infects a computer or mobile device by attaching itself to another program or file and replicating itself when the host program or file is executed. A virus can have various harmful effects, such as deleting or modifying data, consuming system resources, displaying unwanted messages, or opening backdoors for hackers. A virus can spread from one device to another through networks, removable media, or email attachments. A virus does not require a specific condition to activate, but rather runs whenever the infected program or file is executed.

References:

• Logic Bomb Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
• What is a Keylogger? How to Detect a Keylogger? - Fortinet
• Spam | What is Spam? | Definition & Types of Spam
• Virus | Definition, Structure, & Facts | Britannica

A byte is the smallest unit of data storage that consists of eight bits. A bit is a binary digit that can have two values: 0 or 1. A byte can store one character, such as a letter, a number, or a symbol. An octet is another name for a byte, but it is not commonly used. A character is a symbol that represents a letter, a digit, or a punctuation mark, but it is not a unit of data storage. A field is a group of bytes that stores a specific type of data, such as a name, a date, or a number, but it is not the smallest unit of data storage. References: Data Storage Units of Measurement Table, What are the units of measurements for data storage?, Data Storage Units

 Distributed databases provide several advantages over centralized databases, including improved scalability, availability, performance, flexibility, fault tolerance, and security1. Here are some of the advantages of distributed databases:

• Increased availability: Distributed databases can tolerate failures of individual nodes or sites without affecting the overall system functionality. Users can access data from other sites if their local site is down or unreachable. Data replication and backup mechanisms can also enhance data availability and recovery2.
• Easier expansion: Distributed databases can be scaled horizontally by adding more nodes to the network. This allows for increased capacity and performance as data and user demand grow. Adding new sites or units to the distributed system does not require significant efforts or disruption in the existing functions2.
• Improved performance: Distributed databases can offer faster response and lower communication costs by locating data near the users who normally use that data. Distributed query processing and transaction management can also optimize the use of network and computing resources. Furthermore, distributed databases can exploit the parallelism of multiple nodes to execute operations concurrently13.

References: What Is a Distributed Database? {Features, Benefits & Drawbacks}, Advantage and Disadvantage of Distributed Database Management System (DDBMS) - Bench Partner, Advantages of Distributed database - GeeksforGeeks

 An international strategy is much like the multinational strategy as there are autonomous local subsidiaries that operate independently from the headquarters. However, unlike the multidomestic strategy, the international strategy does not involve extensive customization of products and services to local markets. Instead, the international strategy relies on offering a standardized product worldwide with little or no change. The international strategy is suitable for firms that face low pressure for global integration and low pressure for local responsiveness. Examples of firms pursuing an international strategy are Harley Davidson, Starbucks, and Rolex. References: International Business Strategy EXPLAINED with EXAMPLES | B2U, 9.4 Types of International Strategies – Strategic Management

 Classes are a representation of some real-world thing and a number of specific instances of that thing. Classes define the common characteristics and behaviors of a group of objects, such as properties, methods, and events. Objects are individual instances of classes that can have different values for the properties and variables defined by the class. Procedures are blocks of code that perform a specific task or function. Links are connections between objects that allow communication and interaction. References: Objects and Classes – Programming Fundamentals, Objects and classes - Visual Basic, Object-Oriented Programming: Objects, Classes & Methods

When deciding on system alternatives, the IT manager has to consider the following points1:

• Technological feasibility: The IT manager has to assess whether the proposed system can be implemented with the available technology, resources, and skills. The IT manager has to evaluate the technical risks, challenges, and benefits of each alternative.
• Organizational impact: The IT manager has to analyze how the proposed system will affect the organization’s structure, culture, processes, and performance. The IT manager has to consider the stakeholders’ needs, expectations, and resistance to change. The IT manager has to ensure that the system aligns with the organization’s vision, mission, and goals.
• Financial constraints: The IT manager has to estimate the costs and benefits of each alternative, including the initial investment, operating expenses, maintenance costs, and return on investment. The IT manager has to compare the alternatives based on their financial viability and value for money. The IT manager has to secure the necessary funding and budget for the system. References: 1: EXIN EPI Certified InformationTechnology Manager, Module 6: IT Project Management, Section 6.3: System Analysis and Design, Page 6-11.

In object-oriented approach, a program is composed of classes and objects that interact with each other through messages. A class is a blueprint that defines the attributes and behaviors of a group of similar objects. An object is an instance of a class that has its own state and canperform actions defined by the class. Objects can be related to each other through different types of relationships, such as inheritance, association, aggregation, and composition. Object-oriented approach aims to model the real-world entities and problems in terms of objects and their interactions, making the program more modular, reusable, and maintainable. References: Object Oriented Approach - Online Tutorials Library, What is object-oriented programming? OOP explained in depth - Educative, Object-oriented programming - Wikipedia

Interpreting information means understanding its meaning and implications in a given context. Two factors that are important while considering interpreting information are external and situational. External factors refer to the sources, reliability, validity, and timeliness of the information. Situational factors refer to the purpose, audience, and expectations of the information. These factors help to evaluate the relevance, accuracy, and usefulness of the information for a specific situation or problem. References: Certified Information Technology Manager (CITM) - gaqm.org, page 7; Certified Information Technology Manager (CITM) - GAQM, Module 2 – Understanding and Interpreting Information.

The Structured Approach is a methodology that is based on the notation of functions; programs consist of modules to meet functional requirements. The Structured Approach focuses on the processes involved in a software system, modeling them as a series of connected steps. It follows a top-down approach, breaking down complex systems into smaller, simpler parts that can be more easily understood. It also focuses on the data that a software system manipulates, modeling it as data flows between processes. It emphasizes the functional decomposition of a software system into smaller, independent functions12. References: 1: Difference between Structured and Object-Oriented Analysis12: Traditional vs. Object-Oriented Approaches: Object-Oriented Approach: Analysis2

An attribute is a property that describes various characteristics of an entity. For example, an entity type called Employee may have attributes such as name, age, salary, department, etc. An attribute can also be a primary key that uniquely identifies an entity instance, or a foreign key that references another entity type. An attribute can have a data type, a domain, and a constraint that define its format, range, and validity. An attribute is represented by an oval in an ER diagram, and by a column in a table. References: 3, EXIN EPI Certified Information Technology Manager - EXIN (page 23)