CISSP Exam Dumps - ISC 2 Credentials Questions and Answers

Email spoofing is a technique used to forge the origin of an email by altering the header fields, such as the sender’s address, name, or reply-to address. Email spoofing can be used for malicious purposes, such as phishing, spamming, or impersonating someone else. One technique used for spoofing the origin of an email that can successfully conceal the sender’s Internet Protocol (IP) address is onion routing. Onion routing is a method of anonymous communication that encrypts and routes the messages through multiple layers of intermediate nodes, called onion routers, before reaching the final destination. Each onion router only knows the previous and next hop of the message, but not the entire route or the origin and destination of the message. This way, the sender’s IP address is hidden from the recipient and any eavesdroppers. Therefore, the correct answer is C. The other options are incorrect because they are not techniques used for spoofing the origin of an email or concealing the sender’s IP address. Changing the In-Reply-To data can alter the email thread, but not the sender’s address. Web crawling is a process of collecting and indexing information from the web, not from emails. Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a technology that creates a secure and encrypted connection over a public network, but it does not spoof the origin of an email. References: Official (ISC)2 CISSP CBK Reference, Fifth Edition, Chapter 4: Communication and Network Security, Section: Secure Network Components, Subsection: Email Security; CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 4: Communication and Network Security, Section: Email Security.

The disaster recovery (DR) process should always include plan maintenance. Plan maintenance is the process of updating, reviewing, testing, and improving the DR plan to ensure its effectiveness and efficiency. Plan maintenance is essential for the DR process, as it helps to keep the DR plan aligned with the current business needs, objectives, and environment, as well as the best practices and standards. Plan maintenance also helps to identify and resolve any gaps, issues, or weaknesses in the DR plan, as well as to incorporate any feedback, lessons learned, or changes from the previous DR tests or events. Plan maintenance should be performed regularly, as well as after any significant changes in the organization, such as new systems, applications, processes, or personnel. Periodic vendor review, financial data analysis, and periodic inventory review are not activities that should always be included in the DR process. Periodic vendor review is the process of evaluating the performance, quality, and reliability of the vendors that provide services or products to the organization, such as backup, recovery, or cloud services. Periodic vendor review is important for the DR process, as it helps to ensure that the vendors meet the contractual obligations and service level agreements (SLAs) of the organization, as well as to identify and mitigate any risks or issues associated with the vendors. However, periodic vendor review is not a mandatory activity for the DR process, as it depends on the organization’s reliance on external vendors for its DR strategy. Financial data analysis is the process of examining, interpreting, and reporting the financial data of the organization, such as revenue, expenses, assets, liabilities, or cash flow. Financial data analysis is important for the DR process, as it helps to determine the budget, resources, and priorities for the DR plan, as well as to measure the financial impact and return on investment (ROI) of the DR plan. However, financial data analysis is not a mandatory activity for the DR process, as it depends on the organization’s financial goals and constraints for its DR strategy. Periodic inventory review is the process of verifying, updating, and documenting the inventory of the organization, such as hardware, software, data, or supplies. Periodic inventory review is important for the DR process, as it helps to ensure that the organization has the adequate and accurate inventory for its DR plan, as well as to identify and address any inventory shortages, surpluses, or discrepancies. However, periodic inventory review is not a mandatory activity for the DR process, as it depends on the organization’s inventory management and control for its DR strategy. References: Official (ISC)2 CISSP CBK Reference, Fifth Edition, Domain 7, Security Operations, page 734. CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 7, Security Operations, page 696.

The best option to minimize the risk of utility supply interruption for a hospital’s building controls system is to use digital protection and control devices capable of minimizing the adverse impact to critical utility. Digital protection and control devices are devices that monitor and regulate the utility supply, such as electricity, water, or gas, and detect and respond to any faults, anomalies, or disruptions in the utility supply. Digital protection and control devices can minimize the adverse impact to critical utility by isolating the affected components, switching to alternative sources, adjusting the load or demand, or activating backup or emergency systems. Digital protection and control devices can help to ensure the continuity and reliability of the utility supply, and to prevent or mitigate any potential damage or harm to the hospital’s building controls system, or to the patients and staff12. References: CISSP CBK, Fifth Edition, Chapter 4, page 383; CISSP Practice Exam – FREE 20 Questions and Answers, Question 17.

SOC 3 is a type of report that provides a high-level overview of the security program of a service organization, based on the Trust Services Criteria. SOC 3 is an abbreviated report that can be freely distributed to anyone, unlike SOC 1 and SOC 2 reports, which are restricted to specified parties. SOC 3 does not include detailed testing procedures or results, unlike SOC 2 Type I and Type II reports, which provide more in-depth information about the design and operating effectiveness of the controls . References: [CISSP CBK, Fifth Edition, Chapter 1, page 51]; [2024 Pass4itsure CISSP Dumps, Question 9].

 Authentication and identification are the first two components of logical access control, which is the process of granting or denying access to resources based on the identity and credentials of a user or a device. Identification is the process of verifying the identity of a user or a device, such as by using a username, an email address, or a certificate. Authentication is the process of verifying the validity of the credentials of a user or a device, such as by using a password, a token, or a biometric factor. Confidentiality and availability are not components of logical access control, but rather properties or objectives of information security. Confidentiality is the property of preventing unauthorized disclosure of information, while availability is the property of ensuring timely and reliable access to information.

An organization should request a SOC 2 Type 2 report if they require a period of time report covering security and availability for a particular system. A SOC 2 report is a type of System and Organization Controls (SOC) report that evaluates the controls of a service organization based on the Trust Services Criteria (TSC), which are security, availability, processing integrity, confidentiality, and privacy. A SOC 2 report can be either Type 1 or Type 2. A SOC 2 Type 1 report describes the design and implementation of the controls at a point in time, while a SOC 2 Type 2 report tests the operating effectiveness of the controls over a period of time, usually six or twelve months. A SOC 2 Type 2 report provides more assurance and credibility than a SOC 2 Type 1 report, as it demonstrates how well the controls performed over time. A SOC 2 report can be customized to include only the relevant TSC for a particular system or service. If an organization requires a report covering security and availability, they should request a SOC 2 report that includes only those two TSC. References:

• SOC 2 Compliance: What It Is, And Why You Need It
• SOC 2 Type 1 vs. Type 2: Here Is What You Need To Know
• SOC 2 Reports: What Are They and Why Do They Matter?

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) is an access control method that assigns permissions to users based on their roles or functions within an organization. RBAC requires a consistent set of rules for controlling and limiting access, as each role is defined by a set of access rights that correspond to the level of authority and responsibility of the role. RBAC can simplify access management, enforce the principle of least privilege, improve security and compliance, and reduce administrative overhead. References:

• Access Control Models and Methods
• What Are the Different Types of Access Control?
• 3 Types of Access Control: IT Security Models Explained

The second phase of public key infrastructure (PKI) key/certificate life-cycle management is the issued phase, where the certificate authority (CA) issues a digital certificate to the requester after verifying their identity and public key. The certificate contains the public key, the identity of the owner, the validity period, the serial number, and the digital signature of the CA. The certificate is then published in a repository or directory for others to access and validate. References: CISSP Study Guide: Key Management Life Cycle, Key Management - OWASP Cheat Sheet Series, CISSP 2021: Software Development Lifecycles & Ecosystems

A site-to-site VPN is a type of VPN that connects two or more remote networks securely over an untrustworthy network, such as the Internet. A site-to-site VPN uses a VPN gateway at each site to establish an encrypted tunnel between the networks, allowing the devices at each site to access the network resources at the other site. A site-to-site VPN is the best option to provide the functionality of connecting two remote offices securely over an untrustworthy MAN and allowing each office to access network shares at the other site. The other options are not types of VPN that can provide the same functionality, as they either do not connect networks, do not use VPN gateways, or do not separate the Internet and corporate traffic. References: CISSP - Certified Information Systems Security Professional, Domain 4. Communication and Network Security, 4.2 Secure network components, 4.2.1 Establish secure communication channels, 4.2.1.2 Transmission methods; CISSP Exam Outline, Domain 4. Communication and Network Security, 4.2 Secure network components, 4.2.1 Establish secure communication channels, 4.2.1.2 Transmission methods

Information assets are any data or information that have value for the organization, such as financial records, customer data, intellectual property, or trade secrets. Information assets are essential for the organization to achieve its objectives and to maintain its competitive advantage. Information assets should be identified, classified, and protected according to their value, sensitivity, and criticality. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27001 compliance does not specify which information assets must be included in asset inventory, but rather provides a framework and a set of requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and improving an information security management system (ISMS). Building an information assets register is not necessarily a resource-intensive job, but rather a necessary and beneficial one, as it helps to document and manage the information assets of the organization, and to support the risk assessment and security planning processes. Information assets inventory is required for risk assessment, as it helps to determine the scope, impact, and likelihood of the risks that may affect the information assets, and to prioritize and implement the appropriate controls and measures to mitigate the risks. 

The best action that the organization should take when the application owner of a system that handles confidential data leaves the organization is to assign a temporary application owner to the system. An application owner is a person or role that is responsible or accountable for the management or oversight of an application, system, or resource, that handles or processes the data or information of the organization, such as confidential, sensitive, or personal data or information. An application owner can perform various duties or tasks, such as defining, implementing, or enforcing the security policies, procedures, or standards, that govern the access or use of the application, system, or resource, as well as monitoring, reviewing, or auditing the activities, events, or transactions, that occur on the application, system, or resource. An application owner can also act as a liaison or representative between the users, stakeholders, or customers, and the developers, administrators, or providers, of the application, system, or resource, by communicating, coordinating, or collaborating with them, to ensure the functionality, performance, or security of the application, system, or resource. When the application owner of a system that handles confidential data leaves the organization, the organization should assign a temporary application owner to the system, until a permanent replacement is hired. Assigning a temporary application owner to the system can help to ensure the continuity, availability, or reliability of the system, as well as the confidentiality, integrity

Authentication by ownership is stronger than authentication by knowledge because it is more difficult to duplicate. Authentication by ownership is a type of authentication that relies on something that the user possesses, such as a smart card, a token, or a biometric feature. Authentication by knowledge is a type of authentication that relies on something that the user knows, such as a password, a PIN, or a security question. Authentication by ownership is more difficult to duplicate than authentication by knowledge, as it requires physical access, specialized equipment, or sophisticated techniques to copy or forge the authentication factor. Authentication by knowledge is easier to duplicate than authentication by ownership, as it may be guessed, cracked, or stolen by various methods, such as brute force, social engineering, or phishing. Authentication by ownership is not necessarily easier to change, simpler to control, or more convenient to keep on the user’s person than authentication by knowledge, as these factors may depend on the specific implementation and context of the authentication system. References: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Fifth Edition, Chapter 5: Identity and Access Management, page 247.

Assuming an individual has taken all of the steps to keep their internet connection private, such as using encryption, VPN, and secure protocols, the best option to browse the web privately is to prevent information about browsing activities from being stored on the personal device. This can be achieved by using the private or incognito mode of the web browser, which does not save the browsing history, cookies, cache, or other temporary files on the device. This can help protect the individual’s privacy from other users who may have access to the device, or from malware that may compromise the device. The other options are not as good as preventing information from being stored on the device. Preventing information from being stored in the cloud may not be possible or effective, as some web services or applications may still collect or store the user’s data on their servers, regardless of the user’s preferences. Storing information in the cloud or on the device may expose the user’s browsing activities to unauthorized access or disclosure, unless the data is encrypted and protected by strong authentication and authorization mechanisms. References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 5: Communication and Network Security, page 608. Official (ISC)2 CISSP CBK Reference, Fifth Edition, Chapter 5: Communication and Network Security, page 609.

 Threat modeling is a technique that evaluates the security risks and vulnerabilities of a network or software architecture, by identifying the potential threats, their likelihood, and their impact. Threat modeling can help design secure systems by applying the appropriate countermeasures and controls. Risk modeling is a similar technique, but it focuses on the overall business risks and their mitigation strategies, rather than the specific security threats. Fuzzing is a technique that tests the robustness and security of software by sending random or malformed inputs to trigger errors or crashes. Waterfall method is a software development methodology that follows a sequential and linear process, but it does not evaluate the security design principles of the architecture. References: 1, 2, 4

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) is the type of access control that determines the authorization to resources based on predefined job titles within an organization. RBAC is a model of access control that assigns roles to users based on their functions, responsibilities, or qualifications, and grants permissions to resources based on the roles. RBAC simplifies the management and administration of access control, as it reduces the complexity and redundancy of assigning permissions to individual users or groups. RBAC also enhances the security and compliance of access control, as it enforces the principle of least privilege and the separation of duties. References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 5: Identity and Access Management, page 203. Free daily CISSP practice questions, Question 4.