A distributed control plane for GMPLS means that each router has software to run the GMPLS protocols and can modify the node’s switching fabric. This allows the routers to communicate with each other and establish Label Switched Paths (LSPs) across the network without relying on a centralized controller or network manager. A distributed control plane can improve the scalability, reliability, and efficiency of the network. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, GMPLS - Nokia
Questions 5
What is the Commissioning File in GMRE nodes?
Options:
A.
A file with commissioned GMRE nodes for NPA implementation
B.
A file of optical impairment parameters for power balance
C.
A file with target values that determine whether a given LSP is possible
The Commissioning File in GMRE nodes is a file with target values that determine whether a given LSP is possible. The Commissioning File contains parameters such as power, OSNR, Q-factor, and dispersion that are used to evaluate the feasibility of an LSP request. The Commissioning File is generated by the Network Planning Application (NPA) based on the network design and optical impairments. The Commissioning File is uploaded to each GMRE node and is used by the CSPF algorithm to find a suitable path for the LSP. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Network Planning Application (NPA) | Nokia
Questions 6
What is the meaning of Generalized in GMPLS?
Options:
A.
Switching can be based on values other than the label
B.
The label can assume an extended value range, and is not constrained as it is with MPLS
C.
Unlike MPLS, GMPLS supports multi-vendor networks
D.
GMPLS can be used for traffic types other than data packets
GMPLS stands for Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching, which is a protocol suite that extends MPLS to control different types of switching technologies, such as optical, TDM, and packet switching1. The meaning of Generalized in GMPLS is that it can be used for traffic types other than data packets, such as wavelengths, time slots, or fibers2. GMPLS can also use implicit labels that are derived from the physical properties of the data stream, such as wavelength or timeslot, instead of explicit labels that are carried in the packet header3. This allows GMPLS to support various transport networks and applications, such as optical transport networks (OTN), wavelength switched optical networks (WSON), and automatic switched optical networks (ASON)4. References:
1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
2: What is MPLS and GMPLS? - Metaswitch
3: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
4: GMPLS - Nokia
Questions 7
What is the Feasibility File in GMRE nodes?
Options:
A.
A file with commissioned GMRE nodes for NPA implementation
B.
A file of optical impairment parameters for power balance
C.
A file with target values that determine whether a given LSP can be routed
The Feasibility File is a file that contains a set of target values for various optical impairment parameters, such as OSNR, CD, PMD, and PDL, that are used to determine whether a given LSP can be routed through the GMRE network. The Feasibility File is generated by the Network Planning Application (NPA) based on the network design and the service requirements. The Feasibility File is then loaded into the GMRE nodes and used by the GMPLS routing engine to perform feasibility checks for LSP requests. The Feasibility File ensures that the LSPs are routed in accordance with the network plan and the optical performance criteria12. References:
1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
