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The best option for the penetration tester to maintain root-level persistence on this server during the test is to add a new user with ID 0 to the /etc/passwd file. This will allow the penetration tester to use the same user account as the other user, but with root privileges, meaning that it won’t disrupt the other user’s work. This can be done by adding a new line with the username and the numerical user ID 0 to the /etc/passwd file. For example, if the username for the other user is “johndoe”, the line to add would be “johndoe:x:0:0:John Doe:/root:/bin/bash”. After the user is added, the penetration tester can use the “su” command to switch to the new user and gain root privileges.

The document that describes activities that are prohibited during a scheduled penetration test is ROE, which stands for rules of engagement. ROE is a document that defines the scope, objectives, methods, limitations, and expectations of a penetration test. ROE can specify what activities are allowed or prohibited during the penetration test, such as which targets, systems, networks, or services can be tested or attacked, which tools, techniques, or exploits can be used or avoided, which times or dates can be scheduled or excluded, or which impacts or risks can be accepted or mitigated. ROE can help ensure that the penetration test is conducted in a legal, ethical, and professional manner, and that it does not cause any harm or damage to the client or third parties. The other options are not documents that describe activities that are prohibited during a scheduled penetration test. MSA stands for master service agreement, which is a document that defines the general terms and conditions of a contractual relationship between two parties, such as the scope of work, payment terms, warranties, liabilities, or dispute resolution. NDA stands for non-disclosure agreement, which is a document that defines the confidential information that is shared between two parties during a business relationship, such as trade secrets, intellectual property, or customer data. SLA stands for service level agreement, which is a document that defines the quality and performance standards of a service provided by one party to another party, such as availability, reliability, responsiveness, or security.

The company that requested the penetration test is responsible for providing the correct and accurate network scope for the test. The network scope defines the boundaries and limitations of the test, such as which IP addresses, domains, systems, or networks are in scope or out of scope. If the company provided an incorrect network scope that included an IP address that belongs to a third party, then it is responsible for this mistake. The penetration testing company, the target host’s owner, the penetration tester, and the subcontractor supporting the test are not responsible for this mistake, as they relied on the network scope provided by the company that requested the penetration test.

W3AF, the Web Application Attack and Audit Framework, is an open source web application security scanner that includes directory and filename brute‐forcing in its list of capabilities.