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Rate limiting, as explained previously, is essential to ensure that an application can handle traffic spikes without crashing. By limiting the rate at which requests are processed, the application can maintain stability and reliability under varying load conditions.

Traffic Spike Management: Rate limiting helps manage unexpected surges in traffic by capping the number of allowable requests within a specified period.

Reliability Maintenance: By preventing overloading, rate limiting ensures that the application remains operational and responsive, maintaining its reliability.

References:

Managing Traffic Spikes with Rate Limiting: Rate Limiting Strategies

The principle that best describes the DevOps practice outlined in the question is "end-to-end responsibility". In DevOps, teams are responsible for the entire lifecycle of the application, including development, deployment, continuous integration/continuous delivery (CI/CD), monitoring, and performance improvements. This holistic approach ensures that the same team manages all aspects of the application's lifecycle, leading to better collaboration, faster deployment cycles, and improved overall quality and reliability of the software.

References:

Cisco DevNet Associate Certification Guide

DevOps Handbook: How to Create World-Class Agility, Reliability, & Security in Technology Organizations

To address security concerns about sensitive information such as usernames and passwords in the application code, the best approach is to utilize environment variables. This is a common and recommended practice to enhance security because:

Environment Variables: Storing sensitive information in environment variables helps prevent exposure of these details in the codebase. They can be easily managed and changed without modifying the code.

Separation of Configuration from Code: This approach follows the principle of separating configuration from code, making the application more secure and easier to manage.

Security Best Practices: Using environment variables aligns with security best practices for managing secrets, which include not hard-coding sensitive data and keeping them outside the source code repository.

Hence, using environment variables for storing sensitive details like usernames and passwords (Answer B) is the appropriate and secure solution.