CIPS Level 4 Diploma in Procurement and Supply L4M5 Passing Score

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Activity-based costing is an alternative approach to traditional absorption costing. The characteristics of these two methods are illustrated in the graph below:

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Trust is the expectation that the other party will behave in a predictable and mutually acceptable way. In inter-firm relationships, the presence and absence of trust can affect the level of cost in a relationship. The existence of trust is taught to lower the transaction cost in a relationship. Dr. Mari Sako identified taxonomy of 3 types of trust in commercial relationship, whichis very useful from the perspective of procurement.

Contractual trust: Trust based on the contract with TOP. This is potentially the weakest source of trust if there is nothing else to base the trust on, but it is the quickest to establish.

Competence trust: Trust based on TOP's professional qualifications or proven or certified technical capability or experience.

Goodwill trust: Trust based on knowing TOP has your interest at heart and will not behave opportunistically. This is potentially the strongest type of trust, but it takes the longest time to build.

Otherwise, trust also has legal meaning. A trust is a legal document that can be created during a person's lifetime and survive the person's death. A trust can also be created by a will and formed afterdeath. Charitable trusts are trusts which benefit a particular charity or the public in general.

There are four types of questions that can be used in a commercial negotiation:

Hypothetical questions, where you ask about a possible situation or abstract concept, are very useful at the testing and proposal phases. Hypothetical question does not state any commitment as it is only about 'if something happens, then ...'. This type of question can be useful at giving suggestion.

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LO 3, AC 3.3

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In the scenario, the buyer states that permission from senior management is required to shorten payment period and she only has authority to sign off a deal in which thepayment period lasts at least 30 days. The buyer is using lack of authority. The buyer also repeats the matter again throughout the negotiation. This is a common tactic known as broken record.