010-160 Reviews Questions

 In an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud, the provider offers virtualized computing resources such as servers, storage, and network over the internet. The user can provision and manage these resources according to their needs. One of the common ways to provision a new Linux computing instance in an IaaS cloud is to use a pre-prepared image of a Linux distribution provided by the cloud hosting organization. An image is a snapshot of a virtual machine that contains the operating system and other software components. The user can choose from a variety of images that suit their requirements and launch a new instance from the image. This way, the user does not have to install and configure the Linux operating system from scratch, which saves time and effort. Some examples of cloud hosting organizations that provide pre-prepared images of popular Linux distributions are Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and DigitalOcean. References: Linux Essentials - Topic 108: Cloud Computing and Linux Essentials - Topic 108: Cloud Computing - Exam Objectives

A web server is a program that listens for requests from web browsers and serves web pages, images, or other resources. Apache HTTPD and NGINX are two popular web servers that can run on Linux systems. They can handle multiple protocols, such as HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and SMTP. Postfix, Curl, and Dovecot are not web servers, but they are related to web or network services. Postfix is a mail transfer agent (MTA) that can send and receive emails. Curl is a command-line tool that can transfer data from or to a web server. Dovecot is a mail delivery agent (MDA) that can store and retrieve emails from a local mailbox. References:

• Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI), section 1.2 Major Open Source Applications
• LPI Linux Essentials 010-160 - Testprep Training Tutorials, section 4.4 Your Computer on the Network

 A private web browser window is a mode of browsing that prevents the browser from saving your browsing history, cookies, and other site data, or information entered in forms. However, it does not prevent websites, your employer or school, or your internet service provider from tracking your online activity. The main differences between a private web browser window and a regular web browser window are:

• Private web browser windows do not store cookies persistently. Cookies are small files that websites use to store information on your device, such as your preferences, login status, or tracking data. In a regular web browser window, cookies are stored until they expire or you delete them. In a private web browser window, cookies are deleted when you close all private windows.
• Private web browser windows do not keep records in the browser history. The browser history is a list of web pages that you have visited in the past. In a regular web browser window, the browser history is saved and can be accessed by anyone who uses the same device or profile. In a private web browser window, the browser history is not saved and cannot be viewed by anyone.
• Private web browser windows do not send regular stored cookies. When you visit a website in a regular web browser window, the browser sends any cookies that are stored for that website. This allows the website to recognize you and provide personalized content or services. When you visit a website in a private web browser window, the browser does not send any cookies that are stored in regular windows. This prevents the website from identifying you or linking your activity across different sessions.

References: Browse in private - Computer - Google Chrome Help, Browse InPrivate in Microsoft Edge - Microsoft Support, Private Browsing: What Is It and How to Use It | Edge Learning Center

The -R parameter of the ls command prints a recursive listing of a directory’s content, meaning that it will list not only the files and directories in the current directory, but also the files and directories in all the subdirectories12. For example, if you have a directory structure like this:

/home/user/├──dir1│├──file1│└──file2└──dir2├──file3└──file4

You can use the command ls -R /home/user/ to list all the files and directories recursively, and the output will look like this:

/home/user/: dir1 dir2

/home/user/dir1: file1 file2

/home/user/dir2: file3 file4

The -R parameter is also known as the --recursive option, which is the long form of the same parameter12. You can use either -R or --recursive to achieve the same result.

References:

• Use ls Command Recursively - Linux Handbook
• How to List Files Recursively in Linux command line