A log is a record of events that have occurred within a system, such as a network device or an application. Logs can include information about system activity, configuration changes, and error messages. They can be used for troubleshooting, auditing, and compliance purposes. Logs can report both active (real-time) and historical events that have occurred within a system.
Alarms and conditions, on the other hand, are used to notify operators of real-time status of the node, such as when a threshold is breached or when a specific event occurs. Alarms and conditions are typically used to provide real-time notifications of potential problems or issues, while logs are used to provide a historical record of what has occurred.
It is an RJ-45 interface (a common Ethernet port) that has to be configured with an IP address for node reachability and management. This interface is used to connect the OAMP node to the LAN, allowing it to be managed and monitored remotely.
Question # 6
Which mechanisms can be put in place to increase network survivability?
Options:
A.
Protection, where backup resources are pre-allocated and reserved; or restoration, where each trail can be recovered thanks to a 1+1 protection mechanism
B.
Protection, where backup resources are allocated upon failure; or restoration, where each trail can be recovered thanks to a 1+1 protection mechanism
C.
Protection, where backup resources are allocated upon failure; or restoration, where backup resources are pre-allocated and reserved
D.
Protection, where backup resources are pre-allocated and reserved; or restoration, where backup resources are allocated upon failure.
There are two main mechanisms that can be put in place to increase network survivability: protection and restoration. Protection involves pre-allocating and reserving backup resources so that they are ready in case of a failure. Restoration involves allocating backup resources upon failure and using a 1+1 protection mechanism to recover each trail. This ensures that the network is able to re-route traffic in the event of a failure, increasing the overall survivability of the network.
Question # 7
Where is the OPS card equipped to provide the optical channel protection?
Options:
A.
Between the transponder and the amplifiers
B.
Between the filters and the amplifiers
C.
Before the transponder, on the clientside, towards the external device
According to the Nokia's 1830 Photonic Service Switch (PSS) product documentation, the Optical Protection Switching (OPS) card is equipped in the transponder and is responsible for providing optical channel protection between the transponder and the amplifiers. The OPS card monitors the optical signal and switches to a pre-configured protection path in case of signal degradation or loss.
Question # 8
Which use case is most suitable for the deployment of a star topology?
Options:
A.
Access networks, for collecting traffic towards the main central node
B.
ASON networks, to protect traffic via GMPL5 protocols
C.
Backbone networks, for supporting protection routes
A star topology is a network design where all devices are connected to a central hub, which acts as a central point of control and management for the network. This type of topology is commonly used in access networks, where a central node is used to aggregate traffic from multiple users or devices, and then forward it to the core network. This design allows for efficient use of resources and easy management of the network.
References:
"Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach" by James Kurose and Keith Ross (Chapter 3)
"Data Communications and Networking" by Behrouz A. Forouzan (Chapter 2)
Question # 9
WDM allows transmission systems to:
Options:
A.
Transport multiple signals transparently, onto several wavelengths, all together over one single fiber
B.
Increase the bit rate of each client signal by spreading it over multiple wavelengths
C.
Share a single signal among multiple fibers doing load balancing, and thus increasing the reliability of the optical transmission
D.
Allocate different signals to different time slots
WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) allows transmission systems to transport multiple signals transparently, onto several wavelengths, all together over one single fiber. This allows for increased capacity, as many different signals can be transmitted at the same time and along the same fiber. Other advantages include improved signal integrity and reduced signal attenuation.
